Working Environmental Constraint Factors of Informal Workers in Mega Development Projects in Kerala, India: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

Jinu Elizabeth Sebastian

Working Environmental Constraint Factors of Informal Workers in Mega Development Projects in Kerala, India: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

Author(s)	Dr. Jinu Elizabeth Sebastian
Country	India
Abstract	The informal workforce plays a dominant role in the labour market structure of developing economies, particularly in India. Despite their substantial contribution to infrastructure and mega-development projects, informal workers continue to experience severe working environmental constraints, employment insecurity, inadequate social protection, and poor occupational conditions. The present study attempts to identify and analyse the major working environmental constraint factors affecting informal workers engaged in mega-development projects in Ernakulam district, Kerala. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the study clusters different dimensions of working environmental constraints and examines their underlying relationships. The analysis was conducted through Principal Component Analysis with Promax rotation. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity confirmed the suitability of the data for factor analysis. The study extracted six major factors namely Employability Factors, Economic Factors, Labour Market Factors, External Factors, Work Factors, and Organisational Factors, which together explained 89.471 per cent of the total variance. The findings reveal that irregular wages, absence of decent employment benefits, insecure employment conditions, weak labour regulations, poor occupational safety measures, and social exclusion remain the major constraints faced by informal workers. The study concludes that comprehensive labour reforms, improved social security measures, enhanced occupational safety standards, and inclusive labour market policies are essential for improving the quality of work and overall job satisfaction of informal workers engaged in mega-development projects.
Keywords	Informal workers, working environment, exploratory factor analysis, mega-development projects, labour market, employability, occupational safety.
Field	Arts
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On	2026-05-29

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Working Environmental Constraint Factors of Informal Workers in Mega Development Projects in Kerala, India: An Exploratory Factor Analysis

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