International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Development and In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of a Nanotechnology-Enhanced Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Emulgel Incorporated with Silver Nanoparticles Against Staphylococcus aureus

Author(s) Mr. Zamfrisco Seniagan Javier
Country Philippines
Abstract Antimicrobial resistance has become a major global public health concern because of the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. The growing limitations of conventional antibiotics have intensified interest in plant-derived antibacterial agents and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Zingiber officinale (ginger) possesses established antibacterial properties because of bioactive compounds such as gingerols and shogaols, while silver nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity through membrane disruption and oxidative stress induction. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a nanotechnology-enhanced ginger emulgel incorporated with silver nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus through in vitro antibacterial assessment.
Ethanolic ginger extract was formulated into emulgels containing ginger extract alone, silver nanoparticles alone, and a combined ginger–silver nanoparticle formulation. Physicochemical characteristics including pH, viscosity, spreadability, and centrifugation stability were evaluated to determine formulation suitability for topical administration. Antibacterial activity was assessed using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, with vancomycin used as the positive control.
The ethanolic ginger extract yielded 89.84% and demonstrated the presence of 6-gingerol (0.023 mg/g) through ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometric analysis. All formulations exhibited acceptable physical stability without visible phase separation. The ginger extract formulation demonstrated greater antibacterial activity (10.17 mm) compared with the combined ginger–silver nanoparticle formulation (9.08 mm) and silver nanoparticles alone (8.55 mm). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among treatment groups (p < 0.001). The findings indicate that ginger extract served as the principal contributor to antibacterial activity, whereas silver nanoparticle incorporation did not enhance antibacterial efficacy. Ginger-based emulgels may represent a promising alternative topical antibacterial formulation against Staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords Antibacterial Activity, Emulgel, Ginger Extract, Nanotechnology, Silver Nanoparticles, Staphylococcus aureus, Zingiber officinale
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-06-02
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i03.80129
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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