International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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"Process Optimisation for the High-Yield Synthesis of Acetanilide Utilising Zinc as an Environmentally Friendly Catalyst

Author(s) Prof. Suraj Kumar Sharma, Mr. SATYAM KUMAR, Mr. RISHIKESH Kumar YADAV, Mr. satya prakash kumar
Country India
Abstract The synthesis of acetanilide, a fundamental amide derivative with applications in the pharmaceutical and dye industries, is traditionally carried out under hazardous conditions and with energy-intensive methods. This study presents a systematic approach to optimising the synthesis of acetanilide using eco-friendly catalytic systems in line with green chemistry principles. A range of environmentally benign catalysts, including NaOH, HCl, and Zinc, were evaluated for their efficiency, selectivity, and reusability. Reaction conditions were optimised using a Box-Behnken statistical design to assess the influence of catalyst loading, temperature, and reaction time on product yield. The optimal conditions yielded acetanilide with up to 96% purity under solvent-free or aqueous conditions at ambient temperature within 10–15 minutes. Green metrics, such as atom economy and E-factor, confirmed the sustainability of the proposed route. Furthermore, the catalysts demonstrated excellent recyclability with minimal loss in activity over five consecutive runs. This research underscores the potential of integrating green catalysts and process intensification tools, such as microwave and ultrasonic assistance, to achieve a cost-effective, high-yielding, and environmentally responsible synthesis of acetanilide.
Keywords Acetanilide, Green chemistry, Eco-friendly catalyst optimisation, High-yield synthesis, Solvent-free synthesis, Sustainable synthesis, Catalyst, reusability, Reaction kinetics
Field Chemistry > Pharmacy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 3, May-June 2026
Published On 2026-06-10
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i03.80839
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