International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

A Widely Indexed Open Access Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Bi-monthly Scholarly International Journal

Call for Paper Volume 8, Issue 4 (July-August 2026) Submit your research before last 3 days of August to publish your research paper in the issue of July-August.
Submit Research Paper Join as a Reviewer

Plagiarism is checked by the leading plagiarism checker TurnItIn

Call for Paper

Volume 8 Issue 4
July-August 2026

Submit your research paper

Indexing Partners
Academia Advanced Sciences Index Bielefeld Academic Search Engine CiteSeer DRJI Google Scholar Independent Search Engine & Directory Network ISI (International Scientific Indexing) Issuu Mendeley Research Networks
RefSeek ResearcherId - Thomson Reuters ResearchGate Scirus Scribd Semantic Scholar UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Wiki for Call for Papers WorldCat Zenodo

Sexual Dimorphism in Upper Lip Thickness, Upper Lip Length, and Maxillary Incisor Display among Gujarati Adults: Population-Specific Normative Values and Comparison with Indian Populations

Author(s) Dr Nipa Chauhan, Dr Dolly Patel, Ankit Prajapati
Country India
Abstract Abstract
Background
The soft-tissue characteristics of the upper lip and the amount of maxillary incisor display are key determinants of smile attractiveness and play a fundamental role in orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, orthognathic surgery, prosthodontic rehabilitation, and digital smile design. Although numerous studies have established normative values in Western and selected Asian populations, comparable evidence for Gujarati adults is lacking. India exhibits considerable ethnic and craniofacial diversity; therefore, the application of generalized national or international reference values may not accurately represent regional facial characteristics. Population-specific normative data are essential for individualized esthetic treatment planning and objective smile assessment.¹-⁶

Objective
To establish normative values for upper lip thickness, upper lip length, and maxillary incisor display in Gujarati adults with well-balanced facial profiles, evaluate gender-related differences, and compare the findings with published data from other Indian populations.
Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 500+ healthy Gujarati adults (241 males and 266 females) aged 18–35 years with clinically well-balanced facial profiles and normal occlusion. Standardized posed-smile photographs were obtained using a calibrated digital photogrammetric protocol under controlled lighting and positioning conditions. Upper lip thickness, upper lip length, and maxillary incisor display were measured using calibrated digital image analysis software. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and gender comparisons were performed using the independent-samples t-test with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The resulting normative values were subsequently interpreted in relation to previously published Indian population data.
Results
The Gujarati population demonstrated distinct soft-tissue smile characteristics with measurable gender-related differences. Males exhibited greater upper lip thickness ,upper lip length and greater maxillary incisor display during smiling compared with females(p < 0.05). The observed differences indicate evident sexual dimorphism in upper lip morphology and anterior tooth display among Gujarati adults. Overall normative values established in the present study provide reliable population-specific reference standards for these three esthetic parameters. Comparison with published Indian studies suggests that Gujarati adults share several craniofacial characteristics with other Indian populations while exhibiting regional variations in upper lip dimensions and incisor exposure that may reflect ethnicity-specific soft-tissue morphology.

Conclusions
This study establishes the first comprehensive normative database for upper lip thickness, upper lip length, and maxillary incisor display in Gujarati adults with well-balanced facial profiles. Significant gender differences were identified, confirming the need for gender-specific reference values during orthodontic diagnosis and esthetic treatment planning. The findings further emphasize that regional ethnic variations should be considered when interpreting smile parameters, and Gujarati-specific normative standards may provide more accurate clinical guidance than generalized Indian or international reference values.
Keywords Smile esthetics; Upper lip thickness; Upper lip length; Maxillary incisor display; Sexual dimorphism; Gujarati population; Orthodontics; Soft tissue analysis; Photogrammetry; Population-specific norms.
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-07-11
View / Download PDF File

Share this



E-ISSN 2582-2160
CrossRef

CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

Downloads
Research Paper Format Copyright Permission Form and Undertaking Form Cover Page Vol 8 Isu 4Cover Page Vol 8 Isu 3Cover Page Vol 8 Isu 2

All research papers published on this website are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, and all rights belong to their respective authors/researchers.

CC-BY-SA Open Access

About IJFMR
Fees & Payment
Current Issue
Publication Archive 		Submit Research Paper
Track Submission Status
Publication Guidelines
Publication Ethics
Peer Review & Plagiarism 		Join as a Reviewer
Editors & Reviewers
Reviewer Referral Program
Get Reviewer Membership Certi. 		Website/Journal Policies
Usage Policy
Content Policies
Privacy Policy
Contact Us +91-9687-828-838 editor@ijfmr.com
Powered by Sky Research Publication and Journals