International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 4
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Space Under Crisis: A Comprehensive Analysis of Orbital Degradation and Policy

Author(s) Prof. Dr. S RAMASWAMY, Dr. R DURAI, Dr. V KAVERI, Ms. M Sruthi
Country India
Abstract Once viewed as an infinite frontier, outer space has become a congested and degraded commons within seven decades. Space pollution—encompassing orbital debris, defunct satellites, spent rocket bodies, fragmentation clutter, chemical/particulate emissions, electromagnetic interference, and light pollution—now threatens the sustainability of activities vital to modern economies, including navigation, weather forecasting, defence, and scientific research. This article synthesises the conceptual meaning of space pollution, presenting twenty-five scholarly and institutional definitions, causes, and consequences derived from international and Indian literature. It provides a comparative analysis of national responsibility across the United States, Russia, China, the European Union, India, and other spacefaring and non-spacefaring nations. The study integrates evidence from major international bodies—including UNOOSA, ESA, NASA, UNEP, UNDP, World Bank, OECD, ADB, IEA, and WHO—alongside insights from peer-reviewed journals and prominent Indian media outlets. Building on this foundation, the article examines the economic dimensions of orbital congestion as a negative externality, reviews the international legal architecture established by the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, and assesses current technological mitigation and remediation approaches. The article concludes with a six-domain policy framework that distinguishes responsibilities between developed and developing nations. It also proposes an India-specific roadmap centred on the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) "Debris-Free Space Missions 2030" initiative, and outlines a future research agenda spanning economic valuation, atmospheric chemistry, legal architecture, and equity-weighted capacity-building.
Keywords Space Pollution, Orbital Debris, Outer Space Treaty, Space Governance, Space Sustainability
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-07-12
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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