International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Changing Tribal Economy in Karbi Anglong: A Socio-Economic Analysis

Author(s) Mr. Ripunjoy Bora, Dr. Phulmoni Das
Country India
Abstract The Karbi Anglong district of Assam, home primarily to the Karbi tribe along with Dimasa, Tiwa, Kuki, Bodo, and other communities, has historically sustained a subsistence economy rooted in shifting (jhum) cultivation, forest-based livelihoods, and barter exchange through traditional weekly markets (hithi). Over the past few decades, this traditional economic structure has undergone significant transformation under the combined influence of population pressure, shrinking jhum cycles, road connectivity, government policy interventions, market integration, education, and migration. This paper examines the nature and extent of these changes, tracing the shift from subsistence jhum farming toward settled and horticultural agriculture, cash-crop cultivation, wage labour, and diversification into small trade and services. Employing a descriptive and analytical approach based on secondary data drawn from government reports, census statistics, and published research, the study evaluates the socio-economic consequences of this transition, including changes in income patterns, food security, land tenure, gender roles, and ecological sustainability. The findings indicate that while market integration and settled cultivation have improved cash income and reduced physical drudgery for many households, they have also introduced new vulnerabilities such as dependence on volatile markets, erosion of traditional ecological knowledge, and persistent structural poverty, with Karbi Anglong continuing to register one of the highest Human Poverty Index values in Assam. The paper concludes with policy recommendations aimed at achieving a balanced, sustainable, and inclusive economic transition for the tribal population of the district.
Keywords Karbi Anglong, Tribal Economy, Jhum Cultivation, Socio-Economic Change, Livelihood Transition, Northeast India, Market Integration
Field Arts
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-07-15
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i04.83757
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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