International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

A Widely Indexed Open Access Peer Reviewed Multidisciplinary Bi-monthly Scholarly International Journal

Call for Paper Volume 8, Issue 4 (July-August 2026) Submit your research before last 3 days of August to publish your research paper in the issue of July-August.
Submit Research Paper Join as a Reviewer

Plagiarism is checked by the leading plagiarism checker TurnItIn

Call for Paper

Volume 8 Issue 4
July-August 2026

Submit your research paper

Indexing Partners
Academia Advanced Sciences Index Bielefeld Academic Search Engine CiteSeer DRJI Google Scholar Independent Search Engine & Directory Network ISI (International Scientific Indexing) Issuu Mendeley Research Networks
RefSeek ResearcherId - Thomson Reuters ResearchGate Scirus Scribd Semantic Scholar UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Wiki for Call for Papers WorldCat Zenodo

El Nino in a Warming World: Science, Impacts, and the 2026 Forecast

Author(s) Prof. Dr. S Ramaswamy, Dr. S Gnanasaranya, Dr. V Kaveri, Dr. M.S Fathima Begam
Country India
Abstract El Niño, the warm phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), stands as the most significant driver of interannual climate variability globally. Originating from periodic sea-surface temperature anomalies in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, El Niño triggers large-scale atmospheric reconfigurations that fundamentally alter precipitation patterns, temperature regimes, storm tracks, and ocean productivity across all inhabited continents. This review synthesises the historical scientific evolution of ENSO, tracing the progression from early twentieth-century observations by Peruvian fishermen and Indian monsoon meteorologists to the foundational work of Gilbert Walker and Jacob Bjerknes. It further highlights the transition from conceptual frameworks to modern coupled ocean–atmosphere models and satellite-era predictive capabilities. The scope of this analysis spans the multifaceted impacts of El Niño, examining its consequences for agriculture and food security, marine ecosystem stability, water resource management, public health, energy demand, and macroeconomic stability. By surveying the differentiated regional footprints across the Americas, the Asia-Pacific, Australia, and Africa, the review provides a comprehensive look at how this phenomenon reshapes terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. Finally, the analysis evaluates the emerging 2026 El Niño event—projected to be among the strongest on record—within the context of anthropogenic climate change. It concludes by assessing the efficacy of current early-warning systems and adaptation strategies essential for mitigating the profound human and ecological vulnerabilities inherent to this global climate driver.
Keywords El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Climate Variability, Ocean-Atmosphere Coupling, Global Food Security, Marine Ecosystems, Anthropogenic Climate Change, Disaster Risk Reduction, Predictive Modelling
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-07-19
View / Download PDF File

Share this



E-ISSN 2582-2160
CrossRef

CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

Downloads
Research Paper Format Copyright Permission Form and Undertaking Form

All research papers published on this website are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, and all rights belong to their respective authors/researchers.

CC-BY-SA Open Access

About IJFMR
Fees & Payment
Current Issue
Publication Archive 		Submit Research Paper
Track Submission Status
Publication Guidelines
Publication Ethics
Peer Review & Plagiarism 		Join as a Reviewer
Editors & Reviewers
Reviewer Referral Program
Get Reviewer Membership Certi. 		Website/Journal Policies
Usage Policy
Content Policies
Privacy Policy
Contact Us +91-9687-828-838 editor@ijfmr.com
Powered by Sky Research Publication and Journals