International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Features in Patients High-risk Clinicopathological Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) for Breast Cancer: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Author(s) Dr. Sagar Baradwaj Suraj Singh, Prof. Dr. Praveen Agarwal, Prof. Dr. Sagar Haritha Singh, Dr. Poojali Salla
Country India
Abstract Background: Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM) remains a major surgical intervention forbreast cancer, particularly in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) and cases presenting withlocally advanced disease or high tumor-to-breast size ratios. Identifying high-riskclinicopathological features in these patients is vital for stratifying systemic recurrence risk andtailoring post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) and adjuvant systemic treatments.
Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, spectrum, and inter-relationships of high-riskclinicopathological features in female breast cancer patients who underwent MRM at a tertiarycare facility.Methods: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100consecutive female patients diagnosed with primary invasive breast carcinoma who underwentMRM between January 2024 and December 2025. Clinical parameters (age, menopausalstatus, lateralization) and his opathological parameters (tumor size [pT], pathological nodalstatus [pN], WHO histological type, Nottingham histological grade, lymphovascular invasion[LVI], perineural invasion [PNI], and immunohistochemical [IHC] markers: ER, PR, HER2/neu,Ki-67) were documented. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v26.0, employing
Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests to establish associations between
clinicopathological variables (p < 0.05 considered statistically significant).
Results: The mean patient age was 52.4 ± 10.8 years, with 62.0% (n=62) being
postmenopausal. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (NOS) was the predominant histological subtype(89.0%, n=89). High-risk clinical features were abundant: 37.0% (n=37) presented withadvanced T-stage (pT3/pT4), and 68.0% (n=68) exhibited axillary lymph node metastasis(pN1–pN3). High histological grade (Nottingham Grade III) was present in 42.0% (n=42), LVI in54.0% (n=54), and PNI in 21.0% (n=21). Immunohistochemical profiling revealed Luminal A in
35.0%, Luminal B in 25.0%, HER2-enriched in 15.0%, and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer(TNBC) in 25.0%. A statistically significant positive association was observed between largertumor size (pT3/pT4) and pathological nodal metastasis (p < 0.001), as well as between LVI andaxillary lymph node involvement (p < 0.001).Conclusion: Patients undergoing MRM present with a high burden of adverseclinicopathological features, including advanced tumor size, high rates of axillary node positivity,poorly differentiated histology, and aggressive molecular subtypes (TNBC/HER2-enriched).Comprehensive pathological reporting—specifically incorporating LVI, PNI, and IHC molecular
subtyping—is mandatory to risk-stratify patients for escalated post-mastectomy radiation andaggressive systemic therapies.
Keywords Breast Carcinoma, Modified Radical Mastectomy (MRM), Lymphovascular Invasion, Nottingham Grade, Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis, Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
Field Medical / Pharmacy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-08-02
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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