Between the CAA 2019 and the NEP 2020: Mapping Refugee Inclusion in India's Citizenship and Education Policy Landscape

Author(s)	Ms. Sabeena Khatoon, Dr. Geetha Gopinath
Country	India
Abstract	This paper examines how the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019 and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 have recomposed refugee trajectories to inclusion in India through the intersecting domains of citizenship and education. Drawing on legal, judicial, and policy literature, it argues that although this intersection is significant, it fails to resolve two persistent challenges. First, the pathways of inclusion it creates are uneven across different refugee groups. Second, refugee inclusion within education remains largely symbolic and episodic, rather than through explicit and targeted policy design. Consequently, both approaches fail to address the structural precarity shaping refugees' everyday educational experiences. The paper concludes by proposing specific mechanisms to address these persistent gaps.
Keywords	CAA 2019; NEP 2020; India; refugee; symbolic inclusion
Field	Sociology > Education
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On	2026-08-12
DOI	https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i04.85506

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