International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Indigenous 5G Standalone Captive Non-Public Network for Deep Subterranean Mass Rapid Transit: Architecture, Analytical Dimensioning and Field Validation on Mumbai Metro Line 3

Author(s) Dr. Hari Pratap Elduri
Country India
Abstract Deep subterranean mass rapid transit corridors constitute among the most adverse radio-frequency propagation environments encountered in civil infrastructure. Bored tunnels of restricted transverse dimension, reinforced concrete linings of high dielectric loss, pronounced horizontal curvature, densely metallic rolling stock and sustained vehicular motion act in combination to produce severe non-line-of-sight attenuation, rapid temporal channel variation and appreciable Doppler dispersion. The established remedies radiating coaxial feeder, fibre-fed distributed antenna systems and cable-intensive trackside transmission networks impose capital expenditure scaling linearly with route length, installation programmes constrained to non-revenue engineering possessions, and whole-of-life maintenance obligations commensurate with the quantity of consumable physical medium installed.
This paper reports the architecture, analytical dimensioning, field implementation and experimental validation of a wholly indigenous 5G Standalone (5G-SA) Captive Non-Public Network (CNPN), integrated with a Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) last-mile layer, deployed across Section 1 of Mumbai Metro Line 3 (MML3, Aqua Line). The system operates in 3GPP band n78 and employs an O-RAN Alliance compliant Option 7.2a lower-layer functional split, with x86-based Centralized Unit and Distributed Unit processing, 4T4R Radio Units of Indian manufacture, a cloud-native Service-Based Architecture core hosted within a Micro Data Centre at the Aarey Operations Control Centre, and a passive 1:6 wavelength-division fronthaul multiplexing scheme permitting six-sector distribution over a single optical fibre core.
Acceptance and User Acceptance Testing conducted across five operational domains depot and stabling yard, two underground stations, a 1.24 km bored tunnel alignment and in-motion measurement aboard revenue-configuration rolling stock established downlink throughput of 113.00–132.00 Mbps at station levels and 124.17–133.26 Mbps throughout the tunnel alignment, with round-trip latency confined to 16–25 ms and uninterrupted session continuity across all inter-cell transitions. Of particular significance, downlink throughput at the deepest point of the bored alignment was retained at 124.17 Mbps, a diminution of only 6.8 per cent relative to the tunnel portal a result constituting direct experimental corroboration of the guided-mode dimensioning developed herein, in which the analytically derived waveguide break-point distance of 101 m is shown to coincide with the 100 m radio unit spacing adopted. Three concurrently instantiated network slices, bearing operational control, video surveillance and commercial passenger traffic respectively, were verified for mutual isolation.
The paper further presents a two-slope tunnel propagation treatment, a Doppler and handover dimensioning analysis, a decomposed latency budget, and a comparative capital expenditure framework indicating a projected reduction of 40–50 per cent relative to cable-intensive alternatives. To the authors’ knowledge, the conjunction of properties realised in this deployment has not previously been reported in the open literature; the specific claims of priority, and the evidence required to sustain each, are stated formally in Section 1.5.
Keywords 5G Standalone, Captive Non-Public Network (CNPN), O-RAN, Option 7.2a functional split, Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), tunnel waveguide propagation, mass rapid transit, network slicing, communications-based train control, Micro Data Centre, indigenous telecommunications manufacture, technological sovereignty,
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-08-10
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i04.85587
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