International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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The Swadeshi Movement and the Political Economy of Anti-Colonial Enterprise in India, c. 1870–1920

Author(s) Mr. Abhishek Kumar Kushwaha, Ms. Nikita Padhan, Mr. Biswaranjan Panigrahi
Country India
Abstract The development of the indigenous industry sector in colonial India was not only about economic competition with the foreign economy but was itself a key language of anticolonial politics. The present research is dedicated to examining how the criticism of colonial economic policy made by early Indian nationalists, such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and Romesh Chunder Dutt, was converted into the Swadeshi program involving boycott, indigenous manufacturing, national finance, technical education, and disciplined consumption. Focusing especially on the development in Bengal after the 1905 partition and also mentioning some progress in western and southern India, the present paper examines the textile mills, the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, banking and insurance companies, shipping concerns, and smaller manufacturers of consumer goods. The case of Banga Lakshmi Cotton Mills, Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works, Bengal National Bank, and Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company proves that economic nationalism involved efforts to organize new connections between capital, science, work force, consumption, and sovereignty. This, however, was a rather complicated task because of the lack of capital, importation of machines, inadequate managerial experience, weak purchasing power, poor product quality, and advantages possessed by European businesses under colonial rule. The article suggests that indigenous industrial development should not be judged only in terms of the survival or success of individual businesses. The real importance of such a phenomenon is its ability to create an economic public, legitimate Indian enterprise, politicize everyday consumption, and create self-reliant production as a permanent component of the national liberation struggle.
Keywords Swadeshi movement; economic nationalism; indigenous industry; Bengal; boycott; Indian entrepreneurship
Field Arts
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-08-16
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i04.85857
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