International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 5
September-October 2026

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Immigration, Settlement and Cultural Transformation in Kushan Kashmir

Author(s) Dr. Shazia Shafiq
Country India
Abstract The history of ancient Kashmir was shaped by successive movements of people, cultures and political formations entering the Valley from the surrounding regions. The Kushan period represents an especially significant phase in this long history of mobility. Archaeological explorations have identified more than sixty Kushan-period sites across the Kashmir Valley, although only a limited number have been systematically excavated. The distribution of these sites, together with architectural remains, terracotta art, pottery, coins, literary references and evidence of urban foundations, points to an intensified process of settlement and cultural interaction during the Kushan period. This article examines the nature and consequences of these movements, arguing that Kushan expansion in Kashmir involved more than the extension of political authority. It was accompanied by the settlement of administrators, military groups, religious specialists, artisans, craftsmen and other social groups who contributed to the formation of new centres of political, economic and cultural activity. The article further examines the relationship between settlement and cultural transformation, with particular attention to the archaeological evidence from Harwan, Kanispur, Semthan, Ushkur, Hutmur, Hoinar, Kutbal and other sites. It argues that the Kushan presence generated new patterns of cultural interaction without simply displacing earlier traditions. Rather, the Valley became a zone of negotiation in which Central Asian, Iranian, Gandharan and Indian cultural elements were incorporated into an evolving Kashmiri social landscape.
Keywords Kashmir; Kushans; immigration; settlement; Central Asia; archaeology; Harwan; Kanispur; Semthan; cultural interaction
Field Sociology > Archaeology / History
Published In Volume 8, Issue 4, July-August 2026
Published On 2026-08-28
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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