International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 5
September-October 2026

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Tariff and Non-Tariff Restrictions in International Trade: Legal Framework and Challenges

Author(s) Afia Furkana T.A., Muhsina Muhammed
Country India
Abstract International trade is regulated through a combination of tariff and non-tariff measures that determine the conditions under which goods enter and compete in domestic markets. Tariffs remain an important instrument because they influence the price of imported goods, generate government revenue and provide protection to domestic industries. However, the reduction of conventional tariffs through trade liberalisation has increased the importance of non-tariff measures, including quantitative restrictions, import licensing, technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, subsidies, anti-dumping duties and safeguards. These measures may serve legitimate objectives such as protecting public health, consumers, the environment and economic stability. Nevertheless, they may also create unnecessary barriers or operate as disguised protectionism when applied discriminatorily or without sufficient justification. Indian constitutional jurisprudence further recognises the State’s authority to regulate economic activity through taxation, fiscal incentives and other policy measures, while requiring such measures to remain within legal and constitutional limits. Thus, effective trade regulation requires a balance between market access, domestic economic interests and legitimate regulatory objectives.
Keywords Tariffs; Non-Tariff Measures; WTO; Trade Restrictions; International Trade Law
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-09-04
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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