Electrolyte Imbalances in Uncontrolled Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Manifestations, and Therapeutic Management

Author(s)	Dr NIDHI SINGH, Ms SHREYA S SWAMY, Dr ARPITHA KASA, Dr AKSHITHA KASA, Dr VIVEK MAVIN, Dr MOHAMMED KHAJA MOINUDEEN
Country	India
Abstract	Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is frequently complicated by profound fluid and electrolyte disturbances that significantly contribute to acute metabolic decompensation, multi-organ dysfunction, and increased inpatient mortality. Hyperglycemia induces hyperosmolality, osmotic diuresis, and transcellular fluid shifts that disrupt normal ionic homeostasis, particularly involving sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus. While osmotic shifts often generate dilutional hyponatremia and translocational potassium fluctuations, total body depletion of key intracellular cations remains pervasive in clinical presentations such as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS). This comprehensive review synthesizes current pathophysiological mechanisms, evaluates electrolyte alterations linked to sustained glycemic elevations, and outlines evidence-based correction protocols essential for mitigating clinical complications.
Field	Medical / Pharmacy
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On	2026-09-11

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