International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Volume 8 Issue 5
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From Colonial Criminal Law to Swadeshi Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023: Constitutional Challenges and Reform Opportunities

Author(s) Mr. Salahuddin Ayubi, Prof. Dr. Dr. Rajneesh Mishra
Country India
Abstract Background: India's criminal justice system has historically developed around colonial legislation, particularly the Indian Penal Code of; 1860. The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) seeks to restructure substantive criminal law in a contemporary constitutional framework.
Objective: This study examines whether the transition to the BNS constitutes substantive decolonization and evaluates its constitutional challenges and reform opportunities.
Methods: A doctrinal and policy-based approach was adopted using the Constitution of India, the Indian Penal Code 1860, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, official government materials, parliamentary discussions, and scholarly literature.
Results: The BNS introduced significant reforms while retaining substantial legal continuity. The Key constitutional challenges include legal certainty, equality, personal liberty, proportionality, free expression, federal implementation, and protection against arbitrary State power.
Conclusion: The BNS represents an important legal transition rather than a complete rupture of the colonial past. Its constitutional legitimacy depends on rights-oriented interpretation, institutional capacity, judicial review, and continuous legislative evaluation.
Keywords: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, criminal law reform, decolonisation, constitutionalism, criminal justice, India.
Keywords Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, criminal law reform, colonial law, constitutionalism, decolonization, criminal justice, India.
Field Sociology > Administration / Law / Management
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-09-12
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i05.87586
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