Integrated Physicochemical and Thermophysical Characterisation of Water Sources in Patna District, Bihar, India: Relationships of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ with Density, Viscosity and Glycine Solvation

Kalpana Shahi; Monika Singh

Integrated Physicochemical and Thermophysical Characterisation of Water Sources in Patna District, Bihar, India: Relationships of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ with Density, Viscosity and Glycine Solvation

Author(s)	Prof. Kalpana Shahi, Monika Singh
Country	India
Abstract	Water chemistry is governed by the composition and interactions of dissolved ions, which may influence both conventional physicochemical characteristics and thermophysical behaviour. The present study evaluates the physicochemical and thermophysical characteristics of selected water sources in Patna District, Bihar, India, with particular emphasis on Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ and their relationships with density, viscosity and glycine solvation behaviour. Fifty water samples representing borehole, packaged, stream, tap and well-water sources were investigated. Samples were characterised for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺, while density and dynamic viscosity were determined at 298.15 K. Glycine was used as a representative amino acid to examine apparent molar volume (V_ϕ) in the investigated aqueous matrices. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were employed to examine relationships between ionic composition and thermophysical properties. Ca²⁺ concentrations ranged from 19.17 to 67.90 mg L⁻¹, while Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ranged from 4.97–30.32, 0.006–0.082 and 0.005–0.038 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Strong positive correlations were observed between Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ (r=0.95) and between Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ (r=0.87). In contrast, the selected ions showed relatively weak relationships with density and viscosity. Glycine apparent molar volume showed a moderate negative correlation with density (r=-0.67). Multiple regression indicated limited explanatory power of the selected ions for density, viscosity and glycine apparent molar volume. These findings indicate that the thermophysical behaviour of the investigated water matrices is influenced by the combined effects of multiple dissolved constituents and solute–solvent interactions rather than by individual ions alone. The study provides an integrated environmental-chemistry framework for relating conventional water chemistry to thermophysical and molecular-scale solvation behaviour.
Keywords	Patna District, Water Chemistry, Physicochemical Quality, Calcium. Magnesium, Zinc, Copper, Density, Viscosity, Glycine, Apparent Molar Volume, Solvation, Ion–Water Interactions, Thermophysical Properties.
Field	Chemistry
Published In	Volume 4, Issue 6, November-December 2022
Published On	2022-12-09

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Integrated Physicochemical and Thermophysical Characterisation of Water Sources in Patna District, Bihar, India: Relationships of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ with Density, Viscosity and Glycine Solvation

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