International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Comparative Adsorption of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Rice-Husk and Cotton-Straw Biochars and KOH-Activated Cotton-Straw Biochar

Author(s) Mr. Vaijant Rajusing Patil
Country India
Abstract Lead contamination of water is an important environmental concern, creating a need for inexpensive and effective adsorbent materials. In the present study, three agricultural-residue-derived biochars—rice-husk biochar (BC-RH), cotton-straw biochar (BC-CS), and KOH-activated cotton-straw biochar (KBC-CS)—were investigated for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. Batch adsorption experiments were evaluated with respect to initial Pb(II) concentration (10–400 mg L⁻¹), contact time (5–180 min), initial solution pH (2–7), and adsorbent dose (0.25–2.0 g L⁻¹). Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models, while adsorption kinetics were evaluated using pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle-diffusion models. Experimental results demonstrated that Pb(II) uptake increased with increasing initial concentration before approaching saturation. KOH activation substantially improved the adsorption performance of cotton-straw biochar. Under the investigated conditions, KBC-CS exhibited the highest maximum adsorption capacity (qmax = 222.10 mg g⁻¹) compared to BC-CS (151.17 mg g⁻¹) and BC-RH (110.63 mg g⁻¹). Equilibrium data fitted the Langmuir model (R² = 0.9852–0.9923) better than the Freundlich model, while kinetic profiles followed the pseudo-second-order equation (R² = 0.9986–0.9996). Increasing solution pH from 2 to 6 significantly enhanced Pb(II) uptake due to decreased proton competition for surface sites. Maximum removal reached approximately 98% for KBC-CS at an adsorbent dose of 2.0 g L⁻¹. The findings confirm that KOH-activated cotton-straw biochar is a highly efficient, sustainable material for lead remediation.
Keywords Biochar; Lead removal; KOH activation; Rice husk; Cotton straw; Adsorption isotherms; Chemical kinetics; Heavy metal remediation.
Field Chemistry
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-03
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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