International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Gender-Wage Gap In India: Trends, Determinants, And Policy Pathways For Inclusive Growth

Author(s) Dr. N. Vijaya Raghavi
Country India
Abstract This paper examines the persistence and structure of the gender wage gap in India using nationally representative secondary data, with particular emphasis on the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2022–2025, the quarterly PLFS 2023–24 earnings statements, the PLFS 2025 state-level detailed tables, and the Time Use Survey (TUS) 2024. The study treats the gender wage gap as an empirical labour-market outcome rather than as a single measure of discrimination. The evidence shows a durable earnings disadvantage for women across employment forms. Among regular wage/salaried employees, all-India average monthly earnings in 2025 were in Rs.24,217 for men and in Rs.18,353 for women, implying an unadjusted gap of 24.21 percent and a female-to-male earnings ratio of 75.79 percent. The paper argues that the Indian wage gap is produced through interacting mechanisms: occupational and sectoral segregation, differences in labour-market attachment, care responsibilities, informality, access to high-return skills and jobs, and an unexplained residual that cannot be attributed to observed characteristics in aggregate data. The policy agenda therefore requires coordinated action on pay transparency, enforcement of equal remuneration, childcare and care infrastructure, skill and occupational mobility, formalisation, social protection, and improved gender-disaggregated wage data. The paper contributes an updated, evidence-led synthesis linking current official earnings statistics to the established Indian literature on wage decomposition and labour-market segmentation.
Keywords gender wage gap; India; PLFS; women’s employment; occupational segregation; care economy; wage inequality; equal remuneration
Field Sociology > Economics
Published In Volume 8, Issue 1, January-February 2026
Published On 2026-01-10
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i01.88815
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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