International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Volume 8 Issue 5
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Educational and Socioeconomic Challenges Faced by Transgender Persons in India: A Narrative Review

Author(s) Mr. Subrat Kumar Padhi, Dr. Bimal Charan Swain, Prof. Dr. Sambit Kumar Padhi
Country India
Abstract Transgender persons in India encounter barriers that connect family relationships, schooling, employment, documentation, health care, and public services. This narrative review examines these linked barriers and the gap between legal recognition and everyday inclusion. It draws on selected Indian empirical studies, peer-reviewed analyses, census and government materials, international guidance, and the relevant legal and policy framework. The 2011 census recorded 487,803 people in its “other” sex category, but that category is not a complete measure of transgender identity. Qualitative studies document bullying and institutional exclusion, constrained access to education and formal work, and discriminatory experiences in health care; their samples should not be taken as nationally representative. The National Legal Services Authority judgment, the 2019 transgender rights legislation and its 2026 amendment, and the National Education Policy 2020 provide an evolving policy context. The review argues for coordinated action in educational institutions: confidential and consistent records, safe reporting and response to harassment, trained staff, inclusive facilities, and pathways to continued study and livelihood. Better disaggregated research and evaluation of implementation are needed to assess whether these measures improve participation and well-being.
Keywords Transgender persons; India; educational inclusion; employment; social exclusion; gender identity; policy implementation
Field Sociology > Education
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-10-03
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i05.88872
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