The Dual Role of Phytohormones Biosynthesis and Signalling in Growth Regulation and Stress Tolerance Mechanism

Pitani Aswini Devi; Rayudu sravani Rayudu; Palivela Kishor Palivela; Bonthu Varalakshimi Bonthu; Barre papa Barre; Shaik raziya sultana

The Dual Role of Phytohormones Biosynthesis and Signalling in Growth Regulation and Stress Tolerance Mechanism

Author(s)	Mrs. Pitani Aswini Devi, Ms. Rayudu sravani Rayudu, Mr. Palivela Kishor Palivela, Ms. Bonthu Varalakshimi Bonthu, Ms. Barre papa Barre, Ms. Shaik raziya sultana
Country	India
Abstract	Plant growth hormones are also known as phytohormones, are naturally occurring signalling molecules that regulate a wide range of processes involved in plant growth, development, reproduction, and adaptation to environmental conditions. Their effects are produced at very low concentrations through coordinated interactions with cellular signalling pathways and gene-regulatory mechanisms. Among the major phytohormones, auxins and cytokinin have received considerable attention because of their important roles in cell division, cell enlargement, differentiation, root and shoot development, tissue culture, and plant regeneration. Gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene further contribute to the regulation of plant growth, seed development, dormancy, stress responses, senescence, and other physiological processes. This review focuses on the biological functions, biosynthesis, signalling mechanisms, and potential pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications of major plant growth hormones, with particular emphasis on auxins and cytokinin. Auxins, especially indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), regulate processes such as cell elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, vascular differentiation, and tropic responses. Cytokinin are primarily associated with cell division, shoot formation, nutrient mobilization, and regulation of plant developmental processes. The interaction between auxins and cytokinin is particularly important in plant tissue culture, where their relative concentration can influence the formation of roots, shoots, or undifferentiated callus tissue. The review also discusses the relevance of plant hormone-regulated tissue culture and plant biotechnology to the pharmaceutical field, including the production and investigation of plant-derived bioactive compounds. Controlled manipulation of hormonal conditions can improve plant regeneration, micropropagation, biomass production, and the establishment of cultures used for the investigation of compounds with potential pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In addition, the biosynthesis and signalling pathways of gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene are discussed to provide a broader understanding of hormonal coordination in plants. Overall, understanding phytohormone biosynthesis, signalling, and interaction provides an important foundation for applying plant biotechnology in pharmaceutical research, sustainable production of plant-derived materials, and the development of innovative approaches for obtaining biologically active compounds.
Keywords	Phytohormones; Auxins; Cytokinin; Gibberellins; Abscisic acid; Ethylene; Plant tissue culture; Plant biotechnology; Pharmaceutical biotechnology; Bioactive compounds
Field	Biology > Medical / Physiology
Published In	Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On	2026-10-05

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The Dual Role of Phytohormones Biosynthesis and Signalling in Growth Regulation and Stress Tolerance Mechanism

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