International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Occupational Health Challenges among Traditional Ritual Performers(Theyyam Artists) in Northern Kerala (India): A Narrative Review

Author(s) Dr. SUMI S, Dr. PRADEEP K, Dr. SUDHARSENI P
Country India
Abstract Background: Theyyam is a traditional ritual performance art of northern Kerala, India that represents a unique confluence of spirituality, cultural heritage, and social identity. Despite its cultural significance, the occupational health risks and socio-economic challenges experienced by Theyyam performers have received limited attention in the scientific literature. This narrative review aimed to synthesise available evidence on these challenges.
Methods: A narrative review was conducted using published research articles, ethnographic and anthropological studies, public health reports, government policy documents, cultural publications, institutional reports, and relevant grey literature. Evidence was critically reviewed and synthesised thematically to identify occupational exposures, health outcomes, socio-economic challenges, and welfare interventions affecting Theyyam performers.
Results: The available evidence indicates exposure to multiple occupational hazards, including musculoskeletal strain, burn injuries, respiratory irritation, skin disorders, dehydration, fatigue, sleep deprivation, and psychological stress associated with physically demanding performances and ritual practices. Seasonal employment, irregular income, limited access to health insurance, and inadequate institutional support further increase vulnerability. Existing welfare initiatives have important gaps in awareness, accessibility, and implementation, limiting their effectiveness in addressing occupational health needs.
Conclusion: Theyyam performers experience substantial occupational and socio-economic challenges that remain insufficiently addressed. Culturally appropriate occupational health policies, improved healthcare and social protection, strengthened welfare programmes, and evidence-informed public health strategies are needed to safeguard the health, safety, and sustainability of Theyyam artists.
Keywords Theyyam; Traditiona ritual performer; Occupational health; Folk artists; Cultural heritage; Public health; Kerala; Occupational exposure
Field Sociology > Health
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-10-21
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i05.89284
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