International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Spatio-temporal Characterization of Reference Evapotranspiration in Supaul District, Bihar, India, using the Fao-56 Penman–monteith Method

Author(s) Mr. Vivek Kumar, Ms. Pusplata Puja
Country India
Abstract Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) represents atmospheric evaporative demand from a standardized reference surface and is widely used in irrigation scheduling, crop-water assessment, and hydroclimatic analysis. This study estimated monthly and annual ET₀ for 11 locations in Supaul District, Bihar, India, using the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith method and monthly meteorological inputs for 1990–2025. The dataset comprised 4,752 location-month records. Mean daily ET₀ averaged across locations and years ranged from 2.33 mm day⁻¹ in December to 7.76 mm day⁻¹ in April. The average of the location-level annual means was 1,724.2 mm year⁻¹; Basantpur recorded the lowest mean (1,664.5 mm year⁻¹), while Marauna recorded the highest (1,811.4 mm year⁻¹). The annual location-averaged series showed a negative ordinary least-squares slope of −13.72 mm year⁻¹. This trend is interpreted as an exploratory pattern because the annual series also exhibits strong lag-1 autocorrelation and requires autocorrelation-aware trend testing. The findings provide a quantitative baseline for regional irrigation planning, crop-water assessment, and hydroclimatic analysis.
Keywords reference evapotranspiration; FAO-56 Penman–Monteith; Supaul; Bihar; irrigation planning; meteorological data; seasonal variability
Field Engineering
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-10-14
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i05.89744
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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