International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Volume 8 Issue 5
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The Economics of Unpaid Work: A Mathematical Decomposition Model of Gender Disparities in Jammu and Kashmir – How to Include in GDP

Author(s) Prof. Syed Azhara Yaqoob, Prof. Dr. Gowhar Hussain Bhat
Country India
Abstract Unpaid work—encompassing domestic chores, caregiving, and community service—is a critical driver of social well-being, yet it remains largely invisible in conventional macroeconomic indicators like Gross Domestic Product (GDP). In Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), structural, cultural, and geographical factors deeply entrench gender disparities in time allocation. Women bear a disproportionate share of subsistence and care labor, which restricts their entry into the formal labor market. Incorporating this unpaid labor into economic accounts requires a robust mathematical framework that isolates the drivers of gender disparities and standardizes valuation methods for national accounting. This paper develops a mathematical decomposition model to quantify the economic value of unpaid work in J&K. The study is a quantitative secondary-data analysis with literature-derived contextual synthesis; it does not involve original qualitative data collection. We propose a satellite accounting framework for its integration into the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP). The study finds that unpaid work contributes an additional 8.4% to the GSDP, with the time allocation effect accounting for the overwhelming majority of the gender gap (under the baseline assumption of identical replacement wages). The policy implications include the adoption of the 4R framework—Recognition, Reduction, Redistribution, and Remuneration—to address the structural inequalities in unpaid work. The paper concludes with a critical analysis of the advantages and drawbacks of the proposed methodology and offers directions for future research.
Keywords Keywords: Unpaid Work, Gender Disparities, Mathematical Decomposition, Satellite Accounts, Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), Jammu and Kashmir, Time-Use Survey, Valuation Methods.
Field Mathematics > Economy / Commerce
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-10-13
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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