International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Kodo-Kutki Cultivation and Tribal Livelihoods: Income and Employment Evidence from Anuppur District, Madhya Pradesh

Author(s) Mr. Vikas Kumar, Mr. Abhishek Ranjan, Prof. Raksha Singh
Country India
Abstract Kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and kutki (Panicum sumatrense) are rain-fed minor millets that anchor tribal agriculture in central India, and they are the designated One District One Product (ODOP) commodity of Anuppur district, Madhya Pradesh. This study asks how household income and employment have changed among kodo-kutki growers since the crop began to receive policy support around 2020. A field survey of 125 randomly selected farm households (110 growers and 15 non-growers) was conducted between December 2025 and April 2026. Recalled pre-2020 income is compared with current income using grouped-data means, deflated by the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers, and McNemar tests that remain valid under every possible pattern of household transitions. The share of grower households earning less than ₹50,000 a year fell from 80.9% to 12.7% (McNemar χ² ≥ 53.2, p < 0.001). Mean nominal household income rose by 135%, from ₹46,591 to ₹1,09,545, in constant 2019-20 prices the rise is about 77%. Nearly three-quarters of growers (72.7%, 95% CI 63.7-80.2%) commit more than 90 days of family labour to the crop. Processing units and women’s self-help group enterprises employ 17.6% of respondents, almost all of them women, but at ₹180-200 a day, below the state’s MGNREGA wage. Because the design is a before-after comparison without a control group, the changes cannot be attributed to kodo-kutki alone. The results nonetheless point to processing capacity, assured procurement, wage standards in value-addition units and wider ODOP outreach as policy priorities.
Keywords Kodo-kutki, minor millets, tribal livelihoods, farm income, rural employment, One District One Product (ODOP)
Field Sociology > Economics
Published In Volume 8, Issue 5, September-October 2026
Published On 2026-10-29
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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