International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

E-ISSN: 2582-2160   •   Impact Factor: 9.24

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Resources Without Downstream Conversion: Explaining India's Rare Earth Paradox through Value-Chain Sequencing

Author(s) Priyanka, Dr. Suman Kumari
Country India
Abstract India reports approximately 6.9 million tonnes of rare earth reserves and 2,900 tonnes of mine production in both 2023 and 2024, against world production of 390,000 tonnes (Survey, 2025, p. 149), a share of about 0.74 per cent. Existing scholarship explains the gap between Indian endowment and output through infrastructural, technological and institutional constraints, but appears not to establish at which stage of the chain the constraint binds. This paper argues that India's rare earth deficit may be understood as a conversion deficit rather than
an endowment deficit. It develops the Rare Earth Value-Chain Position Index (REVPI), a five-stage framework covering reserve conversion, mining and extraction, separation and refining, metal and alloy production, and permanent magnet manufacturing. Each stage carries three indicators scored from zero to 2
three, with the stage score set by its weakest indicator and a theoretical aggregate range of zero to 15. REVPI is proposed, not validated: no scores are assigned, because comparable cross-stage capacity data are not publicly auditable. Three documentary findings appear to follow: reserves and production are decoupled; the deterrents to conversion are economic and institutional rather than geological; and post-2022 India–United States engagement produced
institutional access without documented conversion capability.
Keywords Rare Earth Elements; Critical Minerals; Value-chain Sequencing; Downstream Processing; Industrial Capability; Resource Endowment; Economic Statecraft; Supply-chain Resilience; India–united States Relations; Strategic Minerals Policy
Published In Volume 8, Issue 6, November-December 2026
Published On 2026-11-09
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E-ISSN 2582-2160
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CrossRef DOI prefix of IJFMR is 10.36948/ijfmr

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