International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research

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Influence of Rammer Mass and Blow Count on Compaction Characteristics and CBR Values of Gravel Materials

Author(s) Mr. Charles Makindi, Prof. Duwa Hamisi Chengula, Dr. Muya Mgaza Somo
Country Tanzania
Abstract This study investigates the influence of increased laboratory compaction energy on the engineering properties of gravel materials used in road construction. Compaction energy was varied by altering rammer mass (2.5 kg, 4.5 kg, 6.5 kg, and 8.5 kg), number of blows per layer (27, 43, 62, 82, and 100), and drop heights of 300 mm and 450 mm using a standard CBR mould with five layers. The effects of these variations were evaluated through moisture–density relationships, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), particle size distribution (PSD), and Atterberg limit tests.
Results indicate that increasing compaction energy generally improves maximum dry density (MDD) and CBR values up to an optimum level, beyond which further energy application results in strength reduction. The highest MDD (1868 kg/m³) was achieved using a 6.5 kg rammer at 62 blows per layer, while the maximum CBR value (41.1%) was obtained using an 8.5 kg rammer at 27 blows per layer. Optimum moisture content (OMC) decreased consistently with increasing compaction energy. Excessive compaction energy led to significant particle breakage, increased fines content, and reduction in both MDD and CBR values.
The findings demonstrate that compaction energy must be optimized rather than maximized to achieve superior mechanical performance of gravel materials. Over-compaction may degrade particle structure and negatively affect strength characteristics, emphasizing the need for controlled compaction practices in road construction.
Keywords Compaction efforts, CBR values, Number of blows, Rammer weights, Number of repetitions, Gravel materials
Field Physics > Civil Engineering
Published In Volume 8, Issue 2, March-April 2026
Published On 2026-03-16
DOI https://doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2026.v08i02.71003
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